Chapter 4: Survey Findings (Comparative Analysis)
   
As one of main activities under the APCD/JAIF Project, the baseline survey was conducted in CLMV to collect data in 3 main areas: demographics of persons with disabilities, accessibility and attitudes towards disability. 

In terms of demographics of persons with disabilities, the following data were collected: types of disability; age; gender; education; and employment.

As for accessibility, all public buildings in targeted areas were visited and audited using an Accessibility Audit Form. The buildings were rated in accordance with 5 criteria: ramp; accessible toilet; non-skid floor; signage; and parking space.
   
Regarding the attitudes of persons with disabilities, their parents and persons without disabilities, the survey was conducted to focus on 3 categories: knowledge/awareness; attitudes/beliefs; and behavior/treatment.

1) Demographics of Persons with Disabilities
*Types of Disability 
In this survey, the percentage of persons with physical disabilities was the highest number in all 4 target communities in CLMV.  On average, more than half of the interviewees had physical disabilities. When it comes to persons with visual disabilities, the average percentage in CLMV was 13.3%. In Cambodia, it was much higher than the average (22.0%), while Laos had only 5%. Regarding the persons with hearing and speech impairment, the number in Cambodia and Laos was relatively higher (18.0% and 20.5% respectively). Some categories (intellectual, multiple, others, not stated) are not shown in the graph, as the data in some countries were either unavailable or put in different categories. 

*Gender
In all countries of CLMV, the number of men with disabilities as respondents to the survey was higher than women with disabilities.

*Education
This survey shows low percentages of persons with disabilities who had education.  On average, 70% of persons with disabilities in CLMV had some level of education. In other words, 30% of persons with disabilities are without education.
   
In Myanmar and Vietnam, the percentage of persons with disabilities who had education was higher than the average of CLMV. In Cambodia and Laos, this percentage was lower than the average of CLMV. 
   
Levels of education cannot be compared across CLMV as the ways to categorize levels of education are different. 

*Employment

Employment rate of persons with disabilities in CLMV is generally low. On average of CLMV, 30% of persons with disabilities had a job, while 66% of persons with disabilities were not employed. This trend was generally the same in Cambodia, Laos Myanmar and Vietnam. 
   
Types of employment include radio hosting, private employment, farming, laborer, self-employment, selling, sewing, house keeper, government employment and fishing. 
   
However, there was no information on gender distribution of persons with disabilities who are currently employed or engaged into livelihood activities. In addition, in Laos, information was added to point out that persons with disabilities who were members of Disabled Peoples Organizations (DPOs) had a higher rate of employment (69%) than other persons with disabilities in the survey.  The gap of employment between men and women who are members of DPOs was smaller. 

2) Accessibility
When assessing the accessibility of buildings and establishments, 5 areas of accessibility were checked: ramp, accessible toilet, non-skid floor, signage, parking space. A building would be considered accessible if it met 3 out of 5 areas. The surveyed buildings and establishments include commune or village office, schools, health centers, markets, public places. 

Cambodia: Kien Svay District
Number of Audited Buildings/Establishment: 
18
Ramp: 6, 


33.3%
Accessible Toilet: 
2, 11.1%
Non-Skid Floor: 
12, 
66.7%
Signage: 0, 

0.0%
Accessible Parking Space: 
1, 
5.6%
Accessible Places: 
2, 
11.1%


Laos:Naxaithong District
Number of Audited Buildings/Establishment: 20
Ramp: 5, 25.0%
Accessible Toilet: 
2, 10.0%
Non-Skid Floor: 0
, 
0.0%
Signage: 0, 
0.0%
Accessible Parking Space: 
0, 
0.0%
Accessible Places: 

0


, 
0.0%


Myanmar:Pyapon Township
Number of Audited Buildings/Establishment: 
25
Ramp: 4, 


16.0%Accessible Toilet: 0, 0.0%
Non-Skid Floor: 4
, 
16.0%

Signage: 0, 0.0%
Accessible Parking Space: 
0
, 
0.0%Accessible Places: 0, 0.0%

Vietnam:Ba Vi District
Number of Audited Buildings/Establishment: 27Ramp: 8, 29.6%
Accessible Toilet: 
4, 
14.8%
Non-Skid Floor: 
24
, 
88.9%

Signage: 0, 0.0%Accessible Parking Space: 26, 96.3%

Accessible Places: 
9

, 33.3%

CLMV Total
Number of Audited Buildings/Establishment: 90
Ramp: 
23, 25.6%
Accessible Toilet: 8
, 8.9%  
Non-Skid Floor: 
40, 
44.4%
Signage: 0
, 0.0%
Accessible Parking Space: 
27
, 
30.0%
Accessible Places: 11


, 
12.2%
 

As shown in the above table, the survey clarified that very small numbers of buildings and establishments were accessible for persons with disabilities in all communities. Out of 90 public buildings and establishments in 4 target communities in CLMV, only 11 of them (12.2%) were considered accessible.

Regarding each area of accessibility criteria, the survey illustrated some unique results. In Laos and Myanmar, no buildings and establishments were considered accessible, while 11.1% of them were accessible in Cambodia, 33.3% of them were accessible in Vietnam. 
   
No target communities had signage as an accessibility feature. 
   
According to the result of the survey, almost all the buildings and establishments had accessible parking space in Vietnam, while other 3 countries had almost none of them. 
   
Even though some buildings and establishments in CLMV had ramps, most of them did not meet standards as they were built for motorcycles, not for wheelchair users. In other words, accessible facilities were not provided for persons with disabilities.

3) Attitudes
In Cambodia and Myanmar, persons with disabilities and their parents are categorized as one group. Therefore, the data were presented in 2 categories. On the other hand, the attitudinal survey in Laos was conducted for persons with disabilities, their parents and persons without disabilities respectively. In Vietnam, the survey was conducted for persons with disabilities and persons without disabilities only. The attitudinal survey was divided into three sections; knowledge or awareness of disabilities, attitudes or beliefs on disabilities and behaviours or treatment of persons with disabilities. 
   
Answers were rated into low, medium, and high by percentage: 0-50% Low, 51-80% Medium and 81-100% High. Ratings were defined as follows:
- Low: Low in knowledge/awareness refers to little or no knowledge at all on the disability rights, concerns and issues. Low in attitudes/beliefs refers to a negative attitude towards persons with disabilities including old beliefs like defining disability as a result from the sin of the past life; impairments as illness, inequality, discrimination, etc. Low in behaviour/treatment or actions refers to negative treatment received by or given to people with disabilities by other members of the community. Persons with disabilities may have experienced or observed or performed the negative behaviours and persons without disabilities may have observed or carried out the negative behaviours.
- Medium: Medium scores refer to having awareness/knowledge already on disability, positive attitude towards or positive treatment given to persons with disabilities. However, a medium level of awareness and knowledge of disability matters does not ensure a change in attitude and behaviour towards persons with disabilities. Respondents can still lack a positive outlook as their action towards persons with disabilities may still be out of charity and pity. 
- High: High refers to fully aware on the disability rights, concerns and issues. It also refers to the participation and involvement of persons with disabilities in advocacy efforts. Experience, action, treatment and behaviours between persons with and without disabilities are positively based on social model of disability.

The results of the attitudinal survey were as follows:

*Knowledge/Awareness (Persons with Disabilities)
Most persons with disabilities had low or medium level of knowledge/awareness. In 
Myanmar and Vietnam, there was no one who had high level of knowledge/awareness. 69% of persons with disabilities in Myanmar had low level of knowledge/awareness, which was nearly 3 times more than that in Cambodia (24%). In Cambodia and Vietnam, a majority of persons with disabilities (more than 50%) had medium level of knowledge/awareness. 
   

*Knowledge/Awareness (Parents of persons with disabilities)
Most parents of persons with disabilities had low or medium level of knowledge/
awareness. While 75% parents had medium or high level of knowledge/awareness in Cambodia, 100% of them had low level of knowledge/awareness in Laos. The data in Vietnam was not available.

*Knowledge/Awareness (Persons without disabilities)
In case of persons without disabilities, most people fall in the category of medium and high level of knowledge/awareness. 
   
According to the result of the survey, generally persons without disabilities showed higher level of knowledge/awareness than that of persons with disabilities and their parents in Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar. 
   
In Cambodia, 84% of persons without disabilities had medium or high level of knowledge/awareness. While no persons with disabilities and their parents had high level of knowledge/awareness, 6% of persons with disabilities had high level of knowledge/awareness in Myanmar.

*Attitudes/Beliefs (Persons with disabilities)
Most persons with disabilities and parents had low level of attitudes/beliefs. In Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar, more than half of persons with disabilities had low level of attitudes/beliefs (74%, 64% and 67% respectively).
   
On the contrary, half of persons with disabilities in Vietnam had medium level of attitudes/beliefs. No one had high level of attitudes/beliefs in Cambodia and Vietnam.

*Attitudes/Beliefs (Parents of Persons with disabilities)
More than half of parents of persons with disabilities in Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar had low level of attitudes/beliefs (74%, 55% and 67% respectively). 
   
In Laos, 18% of parents had high level of attitudes/beliefs, although 100% of them showed low level of knowledge/awareness. No data was available in Vietnam.

*Attitudes/Beliefs (Persons without disabilities)
According to the result of the survey, on average 14% of persons without disabilities in Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar had high level of attitudes/beliefs. As a matter of fact, 29% of persons without disabilities in Laos showed high level of attitudes/beliefs. No data was available in Vietnam.

*Behavior/Treatment (Persons with disabilities)
There was a clear difference between 3 countries (Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar) and Vietnam according to the result of the survey. In Vietnam, 82% of persons with disabilities had high level of behavior/treatment, while other countries showed much less (Cambodia 7%, Laos 6% and Myanmar 14%). One factor to be considered was that parents of persons with disabilities were counted as persons with disabilities in the way the survey was conducted in Vietnam.

*Behavior/Treatment (Parents of persons with disabilities)
Generally, the percentage of level of behavior/treatment among parents of persons with disabilities in Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar was high. Particularly in Laos, 100% of parents of persons with disabilities had high or medium level of behavior/treatment. One factor to be considered was the family-oriented culture in Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar. No data was available in Vietnam.

*Behavior/Treatment (Persons without disabilities)
Nearly half of persons without disabilities in Cambodia and Laos had high level of behavior/treatment (47%, 46% respectively). On the contrary, 2% of persons without disabilities had high level of behavior/treatment in Myanmar. Moreover, 58% of persons without disabilities had low level behavior/treatment in Myanmar, which was quite different from Cambodia (4%) and Laos (4%). No data was available in Vietnam.
    
image: Daily Wrap-up Session in Kien Svay District, Cambodia      


